Icipants (7.9 ) had AIDS related stigma. (See table 1). At bivariate analysis, participants

September 6, 2017

Icipants (7.9 ) had AIDS related stigma. (See table 1). At bivariate analysis, participants with major depressive disorder were more likely to have AIDS-related stigma [OR 1.61, CI (1.19?.17)], an opportunistic infection [OR 1.89, CI (1.05?.38)], and a lower CD4 200) [OR 0.52 CI (0.27?.99)]. Being 1326631 of younger age [OR 0.42 CI (0.19?.92)], lacking employment [OR 0.53, CI (0.30?.91)] and having a lowereducation [OR 0.48, CI (0.27?.84)] were also associated with depression at bivariate analysis. (See table 2). We included all statistically significant variables in the logistic regression model, and used a stepwise hierarchical model analysis method. In the final model, major depressive disorder was associated with AIDS-related stigma [(OR = 1.65, CI 1.20?2.26)], CD4+ counts of 200 [OR 0.43, (CI 0.20?.91)] and a younger age [OR0.95, CI 0.92?.98)]. (See table 3).DiscussionMajor depressive disorder was prevalent in our study population, occurring in 17.4 of the participants. Previous studies conducted among PLWHA in Uganda have reported higher depression prevalence [9,45]; findings which could be explained by the fact that in those studies, the diagnosis of depression wasAids, Stigma, Depressive Disorder, UgandaTable 3. Multivariable analysis showing associations between major depression, AIDS related stigma and CD4 counts.VariableDepressed (frequency, )Unadjusted OR95 CB5083 site CIAdjusted OR95 CIAge 18?9 30?9 40?9 50+ AIDS stigma Yes No CD4 counts #200 201 16 (26.23) 48(15.64) 0.52* 0.27?.99 0.43* 0.20?.91 10 (34.48) 54(15.93) 1.61* 1.19?.17 1.65* 1.20?.26 17(26.15) 27(18.75) 14(12.96) 6(11.76) 0.65 0.42* 0.37 0.32?.30 0.19?.92 0.13?.03 0.95* 0.92?.*denotes p value ,0.05 and statistical Lixisenatide web significance. Odds ratios adjusted for sex and age. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048671.tmade using a screening instrument, rather than a diagnostic one. Our population comprised of medically stable participants who were generally healthier, and this could explain the lower prevalence compared to the other Ugandan studies.. AIDS-related stigma, a condition that has been associated with adverse health outcomes in PLWHA was equally prevalent in the study population. Our finding about AIDS related stigma is also in keeping with previous studies that have reported a high burden of stigma in PLWHA [46?8]. We found an association between major depressive disorder and AIDS related stigma, meaning that both conditions may be present in the same HIV-positive individual attending PHC. Our findings are in keeping with a previous study that documented an association between depression and stigma in PLWHA [17]. Poor psychosocial functioning, the presence of opportunistic infections, poor immune status and the fear of dying from a chronic illness could explain the existence of either of these conditions, as well as their association with each other. Previous studies have reported that stigma among PLWHA is associated with poor psychosocial functioning [21,49]. It’s possible that people with poor psychological functioning may develop depression. Similarly, the presence of opportunistic infections and poor immune status has been associated with depression in PLWHA [17,19,45]. It can also be argued that depressed PLWHA who have opportunistic infections and low CD4+ counts could develop stigma as a result of their condition. The fear of dying from a chronic illness may also explain the presence of both conditions. However, the cross-sectional nature of our study makes it difficult to.Icipants (7.9 ) had AIDS related stigma. (See table 1). At bivariate analysis, participants with major depressive disorder were more likely to have AIDS-related stigma [OR 1.61, CI (1.19?.17)], an opportunistic infection [OR 1.89, CI (1.05?.38)], and a lower CD4 200) [OR 0.52 CI (0.27?.99)]. Being 1326631 of younger age [OR 0.42 CI (0.19?.92)], lacking employment [OR 0.53, CI (0.30?.91)] and having a lowereducation [OR 0.48, CI (0.27?.84)] were also associated with depression at bivariate analysis. (See table 2). We included all statistically significant variables in the logistic regression model, and used a stepwise hierarchical model analysis method. In the final model, major depressive disorder was associated with AIDS-related stigma [(OR = 1.65, CI 1.20?2.26)], CD4+ counts of 200 [OR 0.43, (CI 0.20?.91)] and a younger age [OR0.95, CI 0.92?.98)]. (See table 3).DiscussionMajor depressive disorder was prevalent in our study population, occurring in 17.4 of the participants. Previous studies conducted among PLWHA in Uganda have reported higher depression prevalence [9,45]; findings which could be explained by the fact that in those studies, the diagnosis of depression wasAids, Stigma, Depressive Disorder, UgandaTable 3. Multivariable analysis showing associations between major depression, AIDS related stigma and CD4 counts.VariableDepressed (frequency, )Unadjusted OR95 CIAdjusted OR95 CIAge 18?9 30?9 40?9 50+ AIDS stigma Yes No CD4 counts #200 201 16 (26.23) 48(15.64) 0.52* 0.27?.99 0.43* 0.20?.91 10 (34.48) 54(15.93) 1.61* 1.19?.17 1.65* 1.20?.26 17(26.15) 27(18.75) 14(12.96) 6(11.76) 0.65 0.42* 0.37 0.32?.30 0.19?.92 0.13?.03 0.95* 0.92?.*denotes p value ,0.05 and statistical significance. Odds ratios adjusted for sex and age. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048671.tmade using a screening instrument, rather than a diagnostic one. Our population comprised of medically stable participants who were generally healthier, and this could explain the lower prevalence compared to the other Ugandan studies.. AIDS-related stigma, a condition that has been associated with adverse health outcomes in PLWHA was equally prevalent in the study population. Our finding about AIDS related stigma is also in keeping with previous studies that have reported a high burden of stigma in PLWHA [46?8]. We found an association between major depressive disorder and AIDS related stigma, meaning that both conditions may be present in the same HIV-positive individual attending PHC. Our findings are in keeping with a previous study that documented an association between depression and stigma in PLWHA [17]. Poor psychosocial functioning, the presence of opportunistic infections, poor immune status and the fear of dying from a chronic illness could explain the existence of either of these conditions, as well as their association with each other. Previous studies have reported that stigma among PLWHA is associated with poor psychosocial functioning [21,49]. It’s possible that people with poor psychological functioning may develop depression. Similarly, the presence of opportunistic infections and poor immune status has been associated with depression in PLWHA [17,19,45]. It can also be argued that depressed PLWHA who have opportunistic infections and low CD4+ counts could develop stigma as a result of their condition. The fear of dying from a chronic illness may also explain the presence of both conditions. However, the cross-sectional nature of our study makes it difficult to.