E trial. The frequency at which the power of the signal

April 9, 2018

E trial. The frequency at which the power of the signal above and below are exactly balanced (i.e. the centre point). The centroidal frequency can be calculated for the AP, ML and VT axes separately. Lower frequencies represent poorer postural control. Percentage of the acceleration signal that is present between 4 and 7 Hz. A greater proportion of data in this high frequency band represents increased postural adjustment and postural sway. A unitless frequency-based measure of variability. ZM241385 site values closer to zero would represent more regular patterns of sway, while values closer 1 represent a greater degree of variability. A measure of the stability of gait-related accelerations by evaluating the stride-to-stride regularity of the harmonics within the acceleration signal. Walking patterns that produce higher ratios have more regular acceleration profiles over successive gait cycles (i.e. less stride-tostride variability); hence, the gait pattern is deemed to be more stable. The regularity of the AP, ML or VT acceleration profiles from step-to-step or stride-to-stride. Higher regularity scores represent a more rhythmic and consistent walking pattern and is often said to reflect a more stable gait pattern. Ratio of step regularity to stride regularity. A ratio closer to 1 represents greater symmetry between the left and right steps, while values closer to 0 indicate poorer symmetry. [37] Definition of Measure ArticlesRoot mean square (RMS) acceleration[13,14,18,24?6,30,38]Jerk[13,25,26,37,38]Root mean square (RMS) Jerk Normalised Jerk Standing Balance Maximum sway distance[18][14][32]Mean sway distance[13,32]Sway Range[40]Length of sway Mean sway velocity Sway area F[13,32,33] [13,25,26,33,38] [13] [13,25,26,38]Centroidal frequency[33]High frequency power Frequency dispersion Walking Stability Harmonic Ratio[40] [40][14,17,19,20,30,31, 35,39]Step and stride regularity[17,23,31,35,36]Step symmetry[23] (Continued)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20,15 /Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s DiseaseTable 2. (Continued) Outcome Measure Step and stride timing variability Stride length variability Definition of Measure The standard deviation (SD) or the coefficient of variation ((SD/mean)*100) of all step or stride times collected during a trial. Greater variability represents a less rhythmic walking pattern that is often said o reflect a less stable gait pattern. The standard deviation (SD) or the coefficient of variation ((SD/mean)*100) of all stride lengths collected for the left and right leg collected throughout a trial. Greater variability represents a less predictable and, hence, less stable walking pattern. A non-linear measure that assesses the sensitivity of the system to perturbations in the AP, ML or VT directions. The Lyapunov exponent provides an indication of the local dynamic stability of the gait pattern, with lower values representing increased local stability during gait. Assesses the regularity of the AP, ML and VT accelerations. Values range from 0, which represents no regularity (maximum randomness) to 1, which represents maximum regularity. Non-linear measure of asynchrony between two related time series. Used to assess how well the pattern of AP acceleration (for JNJ-26481585 web example) can predict ML accelerations. Higher values indicate more synchronisation between the acceleration patterns and, hence, a more stable gait pattern. The width of the dominant harmonic of the power spectral density o.E trial. The frequency at which the power of the signal above and below are exactly balanced (i.e. the centre point). The centroidal frequency can be calculated for the AP, ML and VT axes separately. Lower frequencies represent poorer postural control. Percentage of the acceleration signal that is present between 4 and 7 Hz. A greater proportion of data in this high frequency band represents increased postural adjustment and postural sway. A unitless frequency-based measure of variability. Values closer to zero would represent more regular patterns of sway, while values closer 1 represent a greater degree of variability. A measure of the stability of gait-related accelerations by evaluating the stride-to-stride regularity of the harmonics within the acceleration signal. Walking patterns that produce higher ratios have more regular acceleration profiles over successive gait cycles (i.e. less stride-tostride variability); hence, the gait pattern is deemed to be more stable. The regularity of the AP, ML or VT acceleration profiles from step-to-step or stride-to-stride. Higher regularity scores represent a more rhythmic and consistent walking pattern and is often said to reflect a more stable gait pattern. Ratio of step regularity to stride regularity. A ratio closer to 1 represents greater symmetry between the left and right steps, while values closer to 0 indicate poorer symmetry. [37] Definition of Measure ArticlesRoot mean square (RMS) acceleration[13,14,18,24?6,30,38]Jerk[13,25,26,37,38]Root mean square (RMS) Jerk Normalised Jerk Standing Balance Maximum sway distance[18][14][32]Mean sway distance[13,32]Sway Range[40]Length of sway Mean sway velocity Sway area F[13,32,33] [13,25,26,33,38] [13] [13,25,26,38]Centroidal frequency[33]High frequency power Frequency dispersion Walking Stability Harmonic Ratio[40] [40][14,17,19,20,30,31, 35,39]Step and stride regularity[17,23,31,35,36]Step symmetry[23] (Continued)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20,15 /Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s DiseaseTable 2. (Continued) Outcome Measure Step and stride timing variability Stride length variability Definition of Measure The standard deviation (SD) or the coefficient of variation ((SD/mean)*100) of all step or stride times collected during a trial. Greater variability represents a less rhythmic walking pattern that is often said o reflect a less stable gait pattern. The standard deviation (SD) or the coefficient of variation ((SD/mean)*100) of all stride lengths collected for the left and right leg collected throughout a trial. Greater variability represents a less predictable and, hence, less stable walking pattern. A non-linear measure that assesses the sensitivity of the system to perturbations in the AP, ML or VT directions. The Lyapunov exponent provides an indication of the local dynamic stability of the gait pattern, with lower values representing increased local stability during gait. Assesses the regularity of the AP, ML and VT accelerations. Values range from 0, which represents no regularity (maximum randomness) to 1, which represents maximum regularity. Non-linear measure of asynchrony between two related time series. Used to assess how well the pattern of AP acceleration (for example) can predict ML accelerations. Higher values indicate more synchronisation between the acceleration patterns and, hence, a more stable gait pattern. The width of the dominant harmonic of the power spectral density o.