Ences from nonemotional experiences is the fact that emotional experiences have

March 27, 2018

Ences from nonemotional experiences is the fact that emotional experiences have raw1. Tinbergen N (1951) The Study of Instinct (Oxford Univ Press, New York). 2. Kagan J (2003) Understanding the Effects of Temperament, Anxiety, and Guilt. Panel: The Affect of Emotions: Laying the Groundwork in Childhood. Library of Congress/NIMH Decade of the Brain Project. Available at www.loc.gov/loc/brain/ emotion/Kagan.html. 3. LeDoux J (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73(4):653?76. 4. LeDoux JE (1996) The Emotional Brain (Simon and Schuster, New York). 5. LeDoux JE (2002) Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (Viking, New York). 6. LeDoux JE (2008) Emotional colouration of consciousness: How feelings come about. Frontiers of Consciousness: Talmapimod dose Chichele Lectures, eds Weiskrantz L, Davies M (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 69?30. 7. Bouton ME, Bolles RC (1980) Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines. Anim Learn Behav 8(3):429?34. 8. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1969) Crouching as an index of fear. J Comp Physiol Psychol 67(3):370?75. 9. Bolles RC, Fanselow MS (1980) A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behav Brain Sci 3(2):291?23. 10. Sakaguchi A, LeDoux JE, Reis DJ (1983) Sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla: Contributions to cardiovascular-conditioned emotional Sulfatinib structure responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 5(5):728?38. 11. Kapp BS, Frysinger RC, Gallagher M, Haselton JR (1979) Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiol Behav 23(6):1109?117.materials that nonemotional experiences lack. What distinguishes the various kinds of fears (fear of a snake, of social situations, of being late for an appointment, of having a panic attack, of an examination, of falling in love, of failure on a task, of not leading a meaningful life, of the eventuality of death) is also the combination of raw materials involved (4, 5, 170, 172, 176). Some fears depend on survival circuits but others do not. The “survival-circuitdependent” kind of fear is the romanticized version but is not the only kind of fear we have. Fear is what happens when the sentient brain is aware that its personal well-being (physical, mental, social, cultural, existential) is challenged or may be at some point. What ties together all instance of fear is an awareness, based on the raw materials available, that danger is near or possible. A theory of fear has to account for fears that do and do not involve survival circuit activity. Fear can be thought of as emerging in consciousness, much the way the character of a soup emerges from its raw materials, its ingredients. Start with salt, pepper, garlic, onions, carrots, and chicken. Add roux and chicken soup becomes gumbo, or add curry paste, and it shifts it in a different direction. None of these are soup ingredients. They are just things that exist in nature and that can be combined to make soup or many other things. Similarly, emotions emerge from nonemotional ingredients, events that exist in the brain and body as part of being a living organism of a particular type (e.g., survival circuit activity, brain arousal, body responses and feedback, memories, thoughts, predictions). No one ingredient is essential to fear. Variation in the kind and amount of ingredients determine whether you feel fear, as opposed to some other emotion, and also determine the variant of fear you feel. Barrett has expressed a.Ences from nonemotional experiences is the fact that emotional experiences have raw1. Tinbergen N (1951) The Study of Instinct (Oxford Univ Press, New York). 2. Kagan J (2003) Understanding the Effects of Temperament, Anxiety, and Guilt. Panel: The Affect of Emotions: Laying the Groundwork in Childhood. Library of Congress/NIMH Decade of the Brain Project. Available at www.loc.gov/loc/brain/ emotion/Kagan.html. 3. LeDoux J (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73(4):653?76. 4. LeDoux JE (1996) The Emotional Brain (Simon and Schuster, New York). 5. LeDoux JE (2002) Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (Viking, New York). 6. LeDoux JE (2008) Emotional colouration of consciousness: How feelings come about. Frontiers of Consciousness: Chichele Lectures, eds Weiskrantz L, Davies M (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 69?30. 7. Bouton ME, Bolles RC (1980) Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines. Anim Learn Behav 8(3):429?34. 8. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC (1969) Crouching as an index of fear. J Comp Physiol Psychol 67(3):370?75. 9. Bolles RC, Fanselow MS (1980) A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behav Brain Sci 3(2):291?23. 10. Sakaguchi A, LeDoux JE, Reis DJ (1983) Sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla: Contributions to cardiovascular-conditioned emotional responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 5(5):728?38. 11. Kapp BS, Frysinger RC, Gallagher M, Haselton JR (1979) Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiol Behav 23(6):1109?117.materials that nonemotional experiences lack. What distinguishes the various kinds of fears (fear of a snake, of social situations, of being late for an appointment, of having a panic attack, of an examination, of falling in love, of failure on a task, of not leading a meaningful life, of the eventuality of death) is also the combination of raw materials involved (4, 5, 170, 172, 176). Some fears depend on survival circuits but others do not. The “survival-circuitdependent” kind of fear is the romanticized version but is not the only kind of fear we have. Fear is what happens when the sentient brain is aware that its personal well-being (physical, mental, social, cultural, existential) is challenged or may be at some point. What ties together all instance of fear is an awareness, based on the raw materials available, that danger is near or possible. A theory of fear has to account for fears that do and do not involve survival circuit activity. Fear can be thought of as emerging in consciousness, much the way the character of a soup emerges from its raw materials, its ingredients. Start with salt, pepper, garlic, onions, carrots, and chicken. Add roux and chicken soup becomes gumbo, or add curry paste, and it shifts it in a different direction. None of these are soup ingredients. They are just things that exist in nature and that can be combined to make soup or many other things. Similarly, emotions emerge from nonemotional ingredients, events that exist in the brain and body as part of being a living organism of a particular type (e.g., survival circuit activity, brain arousal, body responses and feedback, memories, thoughts, predictions). No one ingredient is essential to fear. Variation in the kind and amount of ingredients determine whether you feel fear, as opposed to some other emotion, and also determine the variant of fear you feel. Barrett has expressed a.