The following antibodies were used: anti-O High Density NS Cultures NS were grown from E Low Density NS Cultures Low density cultures were analyzed for differentiation potential and longevity

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eptide fibrils. J Biol Chem 280: 7677684. 48. Granic I, Masman MF, Kees Mulder C, Nijholt IM, Naude PJ, et al. LPYFDa neutralizes amyloid-beta-induced memory impairment and toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 19: 991005. 49. Citron M Alzheimer’s disease: strategies for disease modification. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9: 38798. 50. Loza L, Fu Y, Ibrahim AS, Sheppard DC, Filler SG, et al. Functional analysis of the Candida albicans ALS1 gene product. Yeast 21: 47382. 51. Cantor CR, Schimmel PR The behavior of biological macromolecules. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. pp 87893. 52. Gaur NK, Smith RL, Klotz SA Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing ALA1/ALS5 adhere to accessible threonine, serine, or alanine patches. Cell Commun Adhes 9: 457. 53. Kapteyn JC, Hoyer LL, Hecht JE, Muller WH, Andel A, et al. The cell wall architecture of Candida albicans wild-type cells and cell wall-defective mutants. Mol Microbiol 35: 60111. 54. Gonzalez M, Goddard 16632257 N, Hicks C, Ovalle R, Rauceo JM, et al. A screen for deficiencies in GPI-anchorage of wall glycoproteins in yeast. Yeast 27: 58396. 13 March 2011 | 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose site Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e17632 Subcellular Localization of Hexokinases I and II Directs the Metabolic Fate of Glucose Scott John2, James N. Weiss1,2, Bernard Ribalet1 1 UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 2 UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America Abstract Background: The first step in glucose metabolism is conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinases, a family with 4 isoforms. The two most common isoforms, HKI and HKII, have overlapping tissue expression, but different subcellular distributions, with HKI associated mainly with mitochondria and HKII associated with both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments. Here we tested the hypothesis that these different subcellular distributions are associated with different metabolic roles, with mitochondrially-bound HK’s channeling G-6-P towards glycolysis, and cytoplasmic HKII regulating glycogen formation. Methodology/Principal Findings: To study subcellular translocation of HKs in living cells, we expressed HKI and HKII linked to YFP in CHO cells. We concomitantly recorded the effects on glucose handling using the FRET based intracellular glucose biosensor, FLIPglu-600 mM, and glycogen formation using a glycogen-associated protein, PTG, tagged 21609844 with GFP. Our results demonstrate that HKI remains strongly bound to mitochondria, whereas HKII translocates between mitochondria and the cytosol in response to glucose, G-6-P and Akt, but not ATP. Metabolic measurements suggest that HKI exclusively promotes glycolysis, whereas HKII has a more complex role, promoting glycolysis when bound to mitochondria and glycogen synthesis when located in the cytosol. Glycogen breakdown upon glucose removal leads to HKII inhibition and dissociation from mitochondria, probably mediated by increases in glycogen-derived G-6-P. Conclusions/Significance: These findings show that the catabolic versus anabolic fate of glucose is dynamically regulated by extracellular glucose via signaling molecules such as intracellular glucose, G-6-P and Akt through regulation and subcellular translocation of HKII. In contrast, HKI, which acti